Mountain-gem

The mountain-gems are the Lampornis genus of hummingbirds which inhabit mountainous regions from the southwestern United States to the Isthmus of Panama.

These are medium-sized to large (10–13 cm) hummingbirds with shortish slightly curved black bills. The males typically have green upperparts and a brightly coloured throat, which is a dull colour in the female. The females of some species also may differ significantly from the males in other plumage features.

The female mountain-gem is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation. She lays two white eggs in a deep plant-fibre cup nest. Incubation takes 15–19 days, and fledging another 20-26.

The food of this genus is nectar, taken from a variety of small flowers. Like other hummingbirds, mountain-gems also takes small insects as an essential source of protein.

Systematics
6-8 species have been traditionally recognized, the main point of dispute being whether the southern forms which have fulvous-breasted females, found from Nicaragua to Panama, are one ("Variable Mountain-gem"), two, or three species. Analysis of biogeography and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences by García-Moreno et al. (2006) have largely confirmed the arrangement and the suspected evolutionary relationships, but a few surprising results have emerged:

First, the White-throated Mountain-gem and the Gray-tailed Mountain-gem are probably conspecific, but the Purple-throated Mountain-gem seems to be a distinct species. However, the southern group has apparently evolved in a very short time and their conspicuous differences in appearance are not yet reflected in molecular divergence; as mates are of course chosen according to their appearance and not their molecular differences, it seems prudent to split the group according to throat color as advocated by the American Ornithologists' Union. However, the speciation process is ongoing.

Second, the exact relationship between the suspected sister taxa L. clemenciae and L. amethystinus, the northernmost species, is not as straightforward as assumed; it is not clear whether they are each other's close relatives or whether the Blue-throated Hummingbird is the oldest lineage of the genus, the Amethyst-throated Hummingbird diverging later. In addition, L. amethystinus may constitute two species, but not the violet-throated subspecies margaritae but the southernmost, red-throated forms are the most distinct ones.

Most puzzling, however, is the fact that the White-bellied Mountain-gem constantly failed to form a monophyletic group with the other taxa. These results suggest that it is better placed in the monotypic genus Oreopyra, the relationships of which need more study. It might be closely related to the Fiery-throated Hummingbird, but these two species are very different at least morphologically. The Garnet-throated Hummingbird, which is sometimes considered to be the closest relative of the mountain-gems, is indeed not distantly related to the group, but closer to the Magnificent Hummingbird. It is intermediate in appearance between Lampornis and that species.

García-Moreno's team refrains to date the emergence of the genus because of the absence of fossils or other robust evidence. It can be assumed though that Lampornis was present at the closing of the Isthmus of Panama, about 3.8 MYA, and that by that time, the northernmost lineage(s) had already diverged.

These results are interesting, because they agree with a general trend for southern Mexican taxa (including to colonize the Isthmus and there form distinct species. Also, the Isthmus group of Lampornis provides a glimpse at an intermediate stage in evolution, with one form (L. calolaema) having recently evolved into a distinct species, while its white-throated relatives are in the process of splitting into two species but have not yet done so. mtDNA (which is inherited from the mother only) suggests that the Purple-throated Mountain-gem still can form fertile hybrids with the white-throated forms and indeed not infrequently does so.

According to the updated taxonomy, the species are:
 * White-bellied Mountain-gem, Lampornis hemileucus (formerly Oreopyra)
 * Blue-throated Hummingbird/Blue-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis clemenciae
 * Amethyst-throated Hummingbird/Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis amethystinus
 * Red-throated Mountan-gem, Lampornis (amethystinus) salvini
 * Green-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis viridipallens
 * Green-breasted Mountain-gem, Lampornis sybillae
 * Gray-tailed Mountain-gem, Lampornis cinereicauda
 * Purple-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis calolaemus
 * White-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis castaneoventris