Gallirallus

Gallirallus is a genus that contains about a dozen living, and several recently extinct, species of rails that live in the Australasian-Pacific region. The genus is characterised by an ability to colonise relatively small and isolated islands and thereafter to evolve flightless forms, many of which became extinct following Polynesian settlement.

Description
Many of the rails, including the well-known Weka of New Zealand, are flightless or nearly so; others, such as the Buff-banded Rail, can travel for considerable distances once airborne even though they are not great flyers. This has enabled the flying species of this genus to colonize islands all over the region.

Many of the resultant flightless island endemics became extinct after the arrival of humans, which hunted these birds for food, introduced novel predators like rats, dogs or pigs, and upset the local ecosystems. A common Polynesian name of these rails, mainly relatives of G. philippensis, is veka/weka (in English, this name is generally limited to Gallirallus australis).

One species, the Guam Rail, is extinct in the wild; there exists a semi-wild population in preparation for reintroduction to its original habitat. Three more species have gone extinct in historic times, while the New Caledonian Rail probably is extinct. The Sharpe's Rail, only known from the type specimen of unclear origin, may also be extinct, although recent evidence suggests that it is invalid, and instead should be regarded as a morph of the Buff-banded Rail. Two further species are assumed from circumstantial evidence to have survived into the Modern era but are not known from recent specimens.

On the other hand, Gallirallus species are (with the exception of the Weka) notoriously retiring and shy birds with often drab coloration. Given that the Okinawa Rail and the Calayan Rail have only been discovered in the late 20th century and as late as 2004, respectively, it cannot be ruled out that the New Caledonian and Sharpe's Rail may still exist.

Living and recently extinct species

 * Invisible Rail, Gallirallus wallacii
 * Weka, Gallirallus australis
 * New Caledonian Rail, Gallirallus lafresnayanus - probably extinct (c.1990?)
 * Chestnut Rail, Gallirallus castaneoventris
 * Dieffenbach's Rail, Gallirallus dieffenbachii - extinct (mid-19th century)
 * Chatham Rail, Gallirallus modestus - extinct
 * Okinawa Rail, Gallirallus okinawae
 * Barred Rail, Gallirallus torquatus
 * Pink-legged Rail/New Britain Rail, Gallirallus insignis
 * Guam Rail, Gallirallus owstoni - extinct in the wild (late 1980s)
 * Roviana Rail, Gallirallus rovianae
 * Woodford's Rail, Gallirallus woodfordi
 * Bar-winged Rail, Gallirallus poecilopterus - extinct
 * Tahiti Rail, Gallirallus pacificus - extinct (late 18th - 19th century)
 * Wake Island Rail, Gallirallus wakensis - extinct (1945)
 * Lord Howe Woodhen, Gallirallus sylvestris
 * Buff-banded Rail, Gallirallus philippensis
 * Tongatapu Rail, Gallirallus hypoleucus - extinct (late 18th - 19th century)
 * Sharpe's Rail, Gallirallus sharpei - if valid, possibly extinct (20th century?)

Species extinct before 1500 AD

 * Nuku Hiva Rail, Gallirallus epulare
 * Ua Huka Rail, Gallirallus gracilitibia
 * Niue Rail, Gallirallus huiatua
 * Mangaia Rail, Gallirallus ripleyi
 * Tahuata Rail, Gallirallus roletti
 * Tubuai Rail, Gallirallus steadmani
 * Huahine Rail, Gallirallus storrsolsoni
 * ‘Eua Rail, Gallirallus vekamatolu - possibly survived to the early 19th century
 * Marianas Rail, Gallirallus cf. owstoni
 * New Ireland Rail, Gallirallus sp.
 * Norfolk Island Rail, Gallirallus sp. - possibly survived to the early 19th century
 * Hiva Oa Rail, ?Gallirallus sp.

In other genera

 * Calayan Rail, Lewinia calayanensis
 * Slaty-breasted Rail, Lewinia striatus