Afro-Neotropical parrot

The family Psittacidae is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the approximately 10 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Old World or Afrotropical parrots) and 148 species of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropical parrots), as well as several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the blue-and-gold macaw among the New World parrots and the African grey parrot among the Old World parrots. These parrots are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean islands, sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula. Two parrots, one extinct, formerly inhabited North America.

This family probably had its origin early in the Paleogene period (66–23 mya) after the western half of Gondwana had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages c. 30–35 mya. It is estimated that the New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with the Australian parrots of Cacatuidae c. 59 mya. The data place most of the diversification of psittaciforms around 40 mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America. Divergence of Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America then Africa via late Cretaceous land bridges that survived through the Paleogene.

Taxonomy
The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World Psittacini and New World Arini tribes of subfamily Psittacinae, which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily Loriinae and the other tribes of subfamily Psittacinae are now placed in superfamily Psittacoidea of all true parrots which includes family Psittacidae.


 * subfamily Psittacinae
 * genus Psittacus – African gray parrots (2 species)
 * genus Poicephalus
 * subfamily Arinae
 * tribe Arini – macaws and parakeets
 * tribe Androglossini – Amazon and related parrots
 * clade (proposed tribe Amoropsittacini)
 * clade (proposed tribe Forpini) – parrotlets
 * genus Forpus
 * (other tribes)
 * genus Nannopsittaca
 * genus Psilopsiagon
 * genus Bolborhynchus
 * genus Touit
 * genus Pionites – caiques (4 species)
 * genus Deroptyus – red-fan parrot
 * genus Eupsittula
 * genus Hapalopsittaca
 * genus Brotogeris
 * genus Myiopsitta