Thick-billed parrot


 * ''This page is about the genus of parrots. For the species, see Thick-billed Parrot (note capitalisation)

The thick-billed parrots are stocky brilliant green Neotropical parrots with heavy black beaks of genus Rhynchopsitta of thick billed macaw-like parrots. The genus comprises two existing species, the Thick-billed Parrot and the Maroon-fronted Parrot, as well as an extinct species from the Late Pleistocene in Mexico. The two extant taxa were formerly considered conspecific; they have become rare and are restricted to a few small areas in northern Mexico. The range of the Thick-billed Parrot formerly extended into the southwestern United States; attempts at reintroduction have been unsuccessful so far.

Description
The two living species have a similar overall appearance, the principal differences lying in their relative sizes and brightness of colouration. Both are mainly green, with red or maroon markings on the forehead, forecrown, broad superciliary stripe, and feathers on the bend of the wing, the carpal edge and the thighs. Their eye-rings are yellow, with the feet and beak dark grey to black. Juveniles have a pale beak fading to grey at the base, whitish eye-rings, and a red brow, but lack the dark red stripes over the eye-rings. The Maroon-fronted Parrot is generally dark green with maroon-brown head markings and is between 40 cm (16 in) and 45 cm (18 in) in length while the Thick-billed Parrot is about 38 cm (15 in) long with brighter colours.

Taxonomy
The genus was described by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte; the name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms rhynchos "beak", and psitta "parrot". The two taxa were considered subspecies of a single species, before being split.


 * Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, 1854
 * Thick-billed Parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827)
 * Maroon-fronted Parrot, Rhynchopsitta terrisi Moore, 1947
 * †Rhynchopsitta phillipsi Rea, 1997 - extinct
 * Travis, 2304

Rhynchopsitta phillipsi, a larger prehistoric relative, was described from Late Pleistocene fossils found in Nuevo León, Mexico. It was not an ancestor to the living species, as bones of them were also found at San Josecito Cave when R. phillipsi's remains were recovered. The prehistoric species had a distinct bill shape and may have occurred sympatrically with the Maroon-fronted Parrot in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental. Possibly its bill was adapted to feeding on a species of pine which disappeared due to climate change at the end of the last ice age, driving it to extinction.

Ecology
Both extant species are found at heights of between 1500 and 3000 m asl in Mexico in isolated island-like forest habitats in the Sierra Madre, and are sometimes called snow parrots because of their high-altitude habitat. They show seasonal migration patterns, generally breeding in the northern parts of their range and overwintering in the southern. The Thick-billed Parrot nests in tree cavities, while the Maroon-fronted Parrot is a cliff cavity breeder. The parrots roost at night in large flocks, while they forage during the day in smaller flocks over a large area. They feed primarily on pine seeds, which they extract by systematically stripping the cones from the base to the top. They also eat other seeds such as acorns, as well as softer foods such as fruits, bark, nectar, other vegetable matter, and insects.

Status
The Thick-billed Parrot is classified as endangered and the Maroon-fronted Parrot as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They are listed on CITES Appendix I, trade forbidden except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. They are also protected under Mexican General Wildlife Law (2008), import and export prohibited. The populations of both species have declined primarily due to habitat degradation, and now both are restricted to a few small areas in the mountains of northern Mexico. The range of the Thick-billed Parrot formerly extended into Arizona and New Mexico, and attempts are being made to breed the species in captivity for release into the wild in their former range in the USA. An earlier attempt in the 1980s and 1990s to reintroduce Thick-billed Parrots to Arizona failed because the captive-bred birds had not learned to avoid their natural and human predators, but new plans for the reintroduction of this species include the use of wild-caught individuals.