Cacicus

The caciques are passerine birds in the New World blackbird family. Members of the family are resident breeders in tropical South America and north to Mexico. All of the group are in the genus Cacicus, except the aberrant Yellow-billed Cacique (Amblycercus holosericeus), which constitutes a monotypic genus. Judging from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence (Price & Lanyon 2002), the aberrant oropendolas Band-tailed Oropendola (Ocyalus latirostris) and Casqued Oropendola, Psarocolius oseryi (Ocyalus oseryi?) seem to be closer to the caciques.

The caciques are birds associated with woodland or forest. Most are colonial breeders, with several long, hanging, bag-shaped nests in a tree, each suspended from the end of a branch. Some species choose a tree that also contains an active wasp nest as a deterrent to predators (e.g. toucans), and females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest. The eggs are incubated by the female alone.

These are slim birds with long tails and a predominantly black plumage. The relatively long pointed bill is pale greenish, yellowish or bluish, depending on species, and most caciques have blue eyes (at least when adult). The female is typically smaller than the male.

Two species have the black plumage enlivened by a red rump, five have a yellow rump and in some cases yellow on the shoulders or crissum. The two remaining species are all black with no bright colour patches. A single species, the Yellow-winged Cacique, has extensive yellow to the tail, but otherwise all caciques have largely black tails (something that separates from the larger oropendolas).

Caciques eat large insects and fruit. Most are gregarious and typically seen in small groups. They are very vocal, producing a wide range of songs, sometimes including mimicry.

Most remain fairly common and are able to withstand some habitat modifications, but two west Amazonian species, the Ecuadorian and Selva Caciques, are notably local and scarce.

Species of Cacicus

 * Yellow-rumped Cacique, Cacicus cela
 * Red-rumped Cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous
 * Scarlet-rumped Cacique, Cacicus uropygialis
 * Subtropical Cacique, Cacicus (uropygialis) uropygialis
 * Scarlet-rumped Cacique, Cacicus (uropygialis) microrhynchus
 * Pacific Cacique, Cacicus (uropygialis/microrhynchus) pacificus
 * Selva Cacique, Cacicus koepckeae
 * Golden-winged Cacique, Cacicus chrysopterus
 * Mountain Cacique, Cacicus chrysonotus
 * Southern Mountain Cacique, Cacicus (chrysonotus) chrysonotus
 * Northern Mountain Cacique, Cacicus (chrysonotus) leucoramphus
 * Ecuadorian Cacique, Cacicus sclateri
 * Solitary Black Cacique or Solitary Cacique, Cacicus solitarius
 * Yellow-winged Cacique, Cacicus melanicterus