Barn-owl

Tyto Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent PreЄ Є Є O O S S D D C C P P T T J J K K Pg Pg N N
File:Grass Owl adult.png
African Grass Owl, Tyto capensis The "grass owls" are two rather long-legged species of Tyto.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Inopinaves
Clade:	Afroaves
Order:	Strigiformes
Family:	Tytonidae
Genus:	Tyto Billberg, 1828
Synonyms
Lechusa Miller, 1956 Strix sensu auct. non Linnaeus, 1758 - preoccupied

The genus Tyto includes all barn owls (family Tytonidae) except for the bay owls (genus Phodilus) - that is, the true barn owls, the grass owls and the masked owls collectively making up the subfamily Tytoninae. They are darker on the back than the front, usually an orange-brown colour, the front being a paler version of the back or mottled, although there is considerable variation even amongst species. Tyto owls have a divided, heart-shaped facial disc, and lack the ear-like tufts of feathers found in many other owls. Tyto owls tend to be larger than Bay-owls. The name tyto (τυτο) is onomatopeic Greek for owl.

Throughout their evolutionary history, Tyto owls have shown a better capability to colonize islands than other owls. Several such island forms have become extinct, some long ago, but some in comparatively recent times. A number of insular barn-owls from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean were very large or truly gigantic species.

Systematics

Living and recently extinct species - and some notable subspecies - of barn owls are:

Species of Tyto in TiF order
Common name(s) Species (author[s])	Description	Image	References
Congo Bay-Owl Itombwe Owl Tyto prigoginei Schouteden, 1952 File:Congo Bay-Owl art.png	23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in) ♀195 g (6.9 oz) (one) 63 cm (25 in)	File:Tyto prigoginei dist-map.png [[File:{{{trendimage}}}|11x11px]] , EN [[File:{{{statusimage}}}|200x100px]]	IUCN
Eastern Grass-Owl Eastern Masked-Owl Tyto longimembris (Jerdon, 1839) File:StrixCandidaGould.png		File:Tyto longimembris dist-map.png [[File:{{{trendimage}}}|11x11px]] [[File:{{{statusimage}}}|200x100px]]
Sooty Owl Greater Sooty-Owl Tyto tenebricosa (Gould, 1845) ssp. Tyto tenebricosa arfaki (Schlegel, 1879) ssp. Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa (Gould, 1845) File:Sooty Owl at Caversham Wildlife Park.png		File:Tyto tenebricosa dist-map.png [[File:{{{trendimage}}}|11x11px]] [[File:{{{statusimage}}}|200x100px]]

• Lesser Sooty Owl Tyto multipunctata Reverse split from the (Greater) Sooty Owl (König & Weick 2009, HBW, H&M4; cf Christidis & Boles 2008)

• Minahassa Masked Owl Tyto inexspectata

• Taliabu Masked Owl Tyto nigrobrunnea

• Moluccan Masked Owl Tyto sororcula
  • Buru Masked Owl Tyto (sororcula) cayelii - possibly extinct (mid-20th century?)

• Australian Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae
  • Tasmanian Masked Owl Tyto (novaehollandiae) castanopsis
• Golden Masked Owl Tyto aurantia
• Manus Masked Owl Tyto manusi
• Sulawesi Owl or Sulawesi Masked-owl, Tyto rosenbergii
  • Peleng Masked Owl Tyto rosenbergii pelengensis - probably extinct (mid-20th century)
• Western Barn Owl or Common Barn Owl, Tyto alba
• Andaman Masked Owl or Andaman Barn Owl Tyto deroepstorffi
• Eastern Barn Owl Tyto delicatula
• Ashy-faced Owl Tyto glaucops
• Madagascar Red Owl Tyto soumagnei
• African Grass Owl Tyto capensis
• Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris

Early prehistoric extinctions

Known from ancient fossils

• Tyto sanctialbani (Middle - Late Miocene of C Europe) - formerly in Strix, includes T. campiterrae
• Tyto robusta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
  • Tyto (robusta) gigantea (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
• Tyto balearica (Late Miocene - Middle Pleistocene of WC Mediterranean)
• Tyto mourerchauvireae (Middle Pleistocene of Sicily, Mediterranean)
• Tyto jinniushanensis (Pleistocene of Jing Niu Shan, China)
• Tyto sp. 1
• Tyto sp. 2

Late prehistoric extinctions

File:Tyto cavatica.jpg

Fossils of Tyto cavatica

File:Tyto ostologa.jpg

Fossil of Tyto ostologa

Usually known from subfossil remains.
Melanesia:

• Mussau Barn Owl, Tyto cf. novaehollandiae (Mussau)
• New Ireland Greater Barn Owl, Tyto cf. novaehollandiae (New Ireland)
• New Ireland Lesser Barn Owl, Tyto cf. alba/aurantiaca (New Ireland)
• New Caledonian Barn Owl, ?Tyto letocarti (New Caledonia) - tentatively placed here

Caribbean:

• Puerto Rican Barn Owl, Tyto cavatica (Puerto Rico) - may still have existed in 1912; possibly a subspecies of T. glaucops
• Noel's Barn Owl, Tyto noeli (Cuba)
• Rivero's Barn Owl, Tyto riveroi (Cuba)
• Cuban Barn Owl, Tyto sp. (Cuba)
• Hispaniolan Barn Owl, Tyto ostologa (Hispaniola)
• Bahaman Barn Owl, Tyto pollens (Andros, Bahamas) - may have survived to the 16th century
• Barbuda Barn Owls, Tyto sp. (Barbuda and possibly Antigua) - at least 2 species

Mediterranean:

• Maltese Barn Owl, Tyto melitensis (Malta) - formerly in Strix, possibly paleosubspecies of Tyto alba

Formerly placed in Tyto

A number of owl fossils were at one time assigned to the present genus, but are nowadays placed elsewhere. While there are clear differences in osteology between true owls and barn-owls, there has been parallel evolution to some degree and thus isolated fossil bones cannot necessarily be assigned to either family without thorough study. Notably, the genus Strix has been misapplied by many early scientists as a "wastebin taxon" for many owls including Tyto.

• "Tyto" antiqua (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy? - Early Miocene of France) was a barn-owl of the prehistoric genus Prosybris; this taxon might be a nomen nudum as the species was originally described in Strix this requires confirmation.
• "Tyto" edwardsi (Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) was a strigid owl but has not yet been reliably identified to genus; it might belong into Strix or the European Ninox-like group^{[citation needed]}.
• "Tyto" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) was a strigid owl of unclear affinities; while it might belong into Strix this requires confirmation.
• "TMT 164", a distal left tarsometatarsus of a supposed Tyto from the Middle Miocene Grive-Saint-Alban (France) might also belong into Prosybris as it is similar to "Tyto" antiqua.

Footnotes

References

• Ballmann, Peter (1969): Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios 2: 157-204. [French with English abstract] doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7 (HTML abstract)
• Bruce, M.D. (1999): Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls). In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds): Handbook of Birds of the World Vol. 5 (Barn-owls to Hummingbirds): 34-75, plates 1-3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3
• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
• Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section IX.C. Strigiformes. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 129-132. Academic Press, New York.
• Steadman, David William (2006): Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226771423.

This article is part of Project Bird Genera, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made-up genera.