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{{automatic Taxobox
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{{Automatic Taxobox
|color={{Taxobox_colour|[[Animalia]]}}
 
 
| name = Calcariidae
 
| name = Calcariidae
| image = Laplandbunting67.png
+
| image = Lapland Longspur.png
 
| image_caption = [[Lapland Longspur]] (''Calcarius lapponicus'')
| image_width = 240px
 
  +
| taxon = Calcariidae
| image_caption = Lapland Bunting, ''Calcarius lapponicus''
 
  +
| authority = [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1901
| familia_authority =
 
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
  +
| subdivision =
| display_children=2
 
  +
''[[Calcarius]]''<br/>
  +
''[[Plectrophenax]]''<br/>
  +
''[[Rhynchophanes]]''
 
}}
 
}}
   
The '''Calcariidae''' -commonly known as '''longspurs''' or '''snow buntings'''- are a small [[family (biology)|family]] of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s. There are 3 genera and 6 species worldwide.
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'''Calcariidae''' or '''snow buntings and longspurs''' is a small [[family (biology)|family]] of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s. It includes longspurs and snow buntings. There are six species in three genera worldwide, found mainly in [[North America]] and [[Eurasia]]. They are migratory and can live in a variety of habitats including grasslands, prairies, tundra, mountains, and beaches.
  +
  +
==Description==
  +
Members of Calcariidae range in mass from around {{convert|20|g}} (the [[Chestnut-collared Longspur]])<ref name="bnaCCL">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/288/articles/measurements|title=Chestnut-collared Longspur|last1=Hill|first1=Dorothy P.|last2=Gould|first2=Lorne K.|accessdate=2 August 2013|website=The Birds of North America Online|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref> to around {{convert|42|g}} ([[McKay's Bunting]]).<ref name="bnaMKB">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/199/articles/measurements|title=McKay's Bunting|last1=Montgomery|first1=Robert|last2=Lyon|first2=Bruce|accessdate=2 August 2013|website=The Birds of North America Online|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref> Species have brown, grey, and white plumage, with dark brown or black irises. The legs of the snow bunting and McKay's Bunting are dark gray or black, while legs of other species in the family range from dull pink to brown.
   
 
== Taxonomy ==
 
== Taxonomy ==
  +
The birds in Calcariidae were formerly assigned to the family [[Emberizidae]] (typically known as buntings in the Old World and sparrows in the New World).<ref name="IOCweb"/> A 2008 phylogenetic study by Alström and colleagues confirmed that the members of this family form a clade quite separated from the Emberizidae, with affinities instead with the [[New World warbler]]s (Parulidae), cardinals ([[Cardinalidae]]) or tanagers ([[Thraupidae]]), though their exact relationships are unclear.<ref name="alstrom">{{cite journal|year=2008|title=Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=3|pages=960–73|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007|pmid=18411062|vauthors=Alström P, Olsson U, Lei F, Wang HT, Gao W, Sundberg P }}</ref> They proposed to place them in the tribe Calcariini,<ref name="alstrom"/> but the [[International Ornithological Congress]] has placed them in a separate family in 2010.<ref name="IOCweb">{{cite book|url=http://worldbirdnames.org/n-tanagers.html|title=Tanagers, Cardinals and allies|vauthors=Gill F, Donsker D|date=30 June 2013|work=IOC World Bird List: Version 3.4|publisher=International Ornithologists’ Union|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> Timing with the cytochrome b DNA suggests that the Calcariidae diverged from a common ancestor around 4.2–6.2 million years ago, around the beginning of the [[Pliocene]], possibly soon after spread of grasslands in North America as the climate in the late [[Miocene]] became drier and cooler.<ref name="Klicka"/>
DNA studies confirmed the species of this family form a clade separated from the [[Emberizidae]]. Alström et al. (2008) proposed to place them in the tribe Calcariini, but the [[International Ornithological Congress]] has placed them in a separate family in 2010.
 
  +
 
=== Genera and species ===
  +
Three genera—''[[Calcarius]]'' (longspurs), ''[[Plectrophenax]]'' (snow-buntings), and ''[[Rhynchophanes]]''—are recognised. Genetic analysis with cytochrome ''b'' DNA showed that [[McCown's Longspur]] was most closely related to the two snow bunting species, and the three nested within the genus ''Calcarius''. [[Smith's Longspur|Smith's]] and the [[Chestnut-collared Longspur]] were each other's closest relatives (sister taxa).<ref name="Klicka">{{cite journal|last=Klicka |first=John |last2=Zink |first2=Robert M. |last3=Winke |first3=K. |year=2003|title=Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (''Calcarius'')|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165–75|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00360-3|pmid=12565028}}</ref> The Lapland Longspur likely diverged from an ''ornatus/pictus'' ancestor near the beginning of the Pliocene (4.4–6.2 million years ago) and the snow and McKay's Buntings diverged within the last 100,000–125,000 years. Though they differ in appearance, Smith's and the Collared Longspurs likely only diverged around 1.5–2&nbsp;million years ago, around the start of the [[Pleistocene]].<ref name="Klicka"/>
  +
  +
McKay's Bunting is sometimes considered a subspecies of the Snow Bunting, and instances of the two species hybridizing have been reported.<ref name = "sealy1969">{{cite journal|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/21865|last=Sealy, Spencer G.|year=1969|title=Apparent Hybridization between Snow Bunting and McKay's Bunting on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska|journal=The Auk|volume=86|issue=2|pages=350–351|doi=10.2307/4083511}}</ref> However, a 2007 study by Maley and Winker found substantial differences in the juvenile plumage between the two groups, supporting a species-level division.<ref name="maley2007">{{cite journal|last = Maley |first=James M. |last2=Winker |first2=Kevin|title=Use of Juvenal Plumage in Diagnosing Species Limits: An Example Using Buntings in the Genus ''Plectrophenax''|journal=The Auk|volume=124|issue=3|pages=907–915|jstor=25150346|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[907:UOJPID]2.0.CO;2|year = 2007}}</ref> Other members of Calcariidae known to hybridize with each other are McCown's Longspur and the Chestnut-collared Longspur.<ref name="macdonald">{{cite journal|title=First Report of a Snow Bunting × Lapland Longspur Hybrid|url=http://www.jeaniron.ca/2012/Arctic65-3-344.pdf|last1=MacDonald|first1 =Christie A.|last2= Martin|first2= Tracy|last3=Ludkin|first3=Rick|last4=Hussell|first4=David J.T.|last5=Lamble|first5=David|last6=Love|first6=Oliver P.|journal=Arctic|volume=64|issue=3|year=2012|pages=344–348}}</ref>
   
=== Genera and Species ===
 
 
* '''''[[Calcarius]]'''''
 
* '''''[[Calcarius]]'''''
 
::[[Lapland Bunting]] (''Calcarius lapponicus'')
 
::[[Lapland Bunting]] (''Calcarius lapponicus'')
Line 25: Line 34:
 
* '''''[[Rhynchophanes]]'''''
 
* '''''[[Rhynchophanes]]'''''
 
::[[McCown's Longspur]] (''Rhynchophanes mccownii'')
 
::[[McCown's Longspur]] (''Rhynchophanes mccownii'')
  +
  +
==Distribution and habitat==
  +
[[File:Snow Bunting.png|thumb|right|width=175px|A [[Snow Bunting]] in Alaska. This species breeds mainly in the Arctic [[tundra]] and winters in northern temperate areas.]]
  +
  +
The range of the family is extensive. Of the six species within the family, the Snow Bunting and Lapland Longspur are found both in both North America and Eurasia; the other four species are found only in North America.<ref name="IOCweb"/> The Snow Bunting breeds in northern latitudes in an extensive breeding range which consists of northern Alaska and Canada, the western and southern coasts of [[Greenland]], and northern [[Scandinavia]] and [[Russia]]. The Snow Bunting winters throughout southern Canada and the northern United States in North America, and its Eurasian range includes the northern United Kingdom and a large band extending from [[Germany]] west through [[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]] to [[Mongolia]] and [[China]].<ref name="bliSB"/><ref name="bnaSB">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/198/articles/distribution|title=Snow Bunting|author1=Montgomerie, Robert |author2=Lyon, Bruce|website=The Birds of North America Online|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|accessdate= 2 August 2013}}</ref> Additionally, the Snow Bunting has been recorded as a vagrant to Algeria and Morocco in North Africa, the Balkans, Greece and Turkey, and Malta.<ref name="bliSB">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106008973/0|title=Plectrophenax nivalis (Snow Bunting)|last=BirdLife International|year=2013|work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2013.1|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref> The Lapland Longspur's range is similar to that of the Snow Bunting, breeding in northern Canada, Scandinavia, and Siberia, and coastal Alaska and Greenland and wintering in the northern United States and Canada, and in a band between approximately 45° and 55° latitude across Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia to the Sea of Japan.<ref name="bnaLL"/>
  +
  +
The ranges of the other species in the family are less expansive than those of the Snow Bunting and the Lapland Longspur. McKay’s Bunting breeds solely on several islands in the [[Bering Sea]], and winters primarily on the western coast of [[Alaska]]. Additionally, it has been reported occasionally in the [[Aleutian Islands]], and has been a vagrant in [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]] as well as [[Washington (state)]] and [[Oregon]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="bnaMKB"/><ref name = "iucnMKB">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/106008974/0|title=Plectrophenax hyperboreus|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref> Smith's Longspur breeds in Alaska and northern Canada, and winters in the central southern United States.<ref name = "bnaSL">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/034/articles/distribution|website=The Birds of North America Online|last = Briskie, James V.|accessdate = 5 August 2013|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|title=Smith's Longspur}}</ref> The Chestnut-collared Longspur's breeding range consists solely of prairie regions in the northern [[Great Plains]] and southern [[Canadian Prairies]], while its winter range extends from the southern United States to central [[Mexico]].<ref name="bnaCCL" /> The breeding range of McCown’s Longspur is similar to that of the Chestnut-collared Longspur, but its winter range does not extend as far south, ending in northern Mexico.<ref name="bnaMCL">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/096/articles/distribution|title=McCown’s Longspur|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|accessdate=5 August 2013|website=The Birds of North America Online|last = With, Kimberley A.}}</ref>
  +
  +
Members of Calcariidae generally inhabit open areas, including prairies, plains, shores, farmland, and beaches.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaufman|first=Kenn |title=Kaufman Field Guide to Advanced Birding: Understanding what You See and Hear|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2011|pages=433|isbn=0547248326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ImuegAbbsC&pg=PA433}}</ref> Parts of the Snow Bunting's range include mountainous areas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mobley|first=Jason A. |title=Birds of the World|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2008|pages=580–81|isbn=0761477756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gccfdvSUTg4C&pg=PA580}}</ref>
  +
  +
==Behavior==
  +
The diet of species in this family consists of insects, seeds, and grasses. Species are diurnal, and forage by walking and picking up food from the ground.<ref name="bnaCCL"/><ref name="bnaLL">{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/656/articles/foodhabits|author1=Hussell, David J. |author2=Montgomerie, Robert|title=Lapland Longspur|website=The Birds of North America Online|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|accessdate = 2 August 2013}}</ref>
   
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Commons category|Calcariidae}}
 
{{wikispecies|Calcariidae}}
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
* [[International Ornithological Congress]]. [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-buntings.html Calcariidae].
 
* Klicka, J., R.M. Zink, et K. Winker, « Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (''Calcarius'') ». ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', vol. 26 (2003), pp. 165-175.
 
* Per Alström, Urban Olsson, Fumin Lei, Hai-tao Wang, Wei Gao, Per Sundberg, « Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes) », ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', vol. 47, n° 3 (June 2008), pp. 960-973. {{DOI|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007}}
 
* Yuri, T. et D. Mindell, « Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, “New World nine-primaried oscines (Aves: Passeriformes) », ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', vol. 23 (2002), pp. 229-243 .
 
   
==External links==
+
==Further reading==
 
* Yuri, T. and Mindell, D. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, “New World nine-primaried oscines (Aves: Passeriformes)", ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', vol. 23 (2002), pp.&nbsp;229–243 .
*{{commonscat-inline|Calcariidae}}
 
  +
* [http://www.planetofbirds.com/category/calcariidae Planet of Birds]. Accessed 2 August 2009.
*{{wikispecies-inline|Calcariidae}}
 
   
 
[[Category:Calcariidae| ]]
 
[[Category:Calcariidae| ]]

Revision as of 04:33, 16 August 2017

Calcariidae
Lapland Longspur
Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Inopinaves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Clade: Nine-primaried oscines
Epifamily: Icteroidae
Family: Calcariidae
Ridgway, 1901
Genera

Calcarius
Plectrophenax
Rhynchophanes

Calcariidae or snow buntings and longspurs is a small family of passerine birds. It includes longspurs and snow buntings. There are six species in three genera worldwide, found mainly in North America and Eurasia. They are migratory and can live in a variety of habitats including grasslands, prairies, tundra, mountains, and beaches.

Description

Members of Calcariidae range in mass from around 20 grams (0.71 oz) (the Chestnut-collared Longspur)[1] to around 42 grams (1.5 oz) (McKay's Bunting).[2] Species have brown, grey, and white plumage, with dark brown or black irises. The legs of the snow bunting and McKay's Bunting are dark gray or black, while legs of other species in the family range from dull pink to brown.

Taxonomy

The birds in Calcariidae were formerly assigned to the family Emberizidae (typically known as buntings in the Old World and sparrows in the New World).[3] A 2008 phylogenetic study by Alström and colleagues confirmed that the members of this family form a clade quite separated from the Emberizidae, with affinities instead with the New World warblers (Parulidae), cardinals (Cardinalidae) or tanagers (Thraupidae), though their exact relationships are unclear.[4] They proposed to place them in the tribe Calcariini,[4] but the International Ornithological Congress has placed them in a separate family in 2010.[3] Timing with the cytochrome b DNA suggests that the Calcariidae diverged from a common ancestor around 4.2–6.2 million years ago, around the beginning of the Pliocene, possibly soon after spread of grasslands in North America as the climate in the late Miocene became drier and cooler.[5]

Genera and species

Three genera—Calcarius (longspurs), Plectrophenax (snow-buntings), and Rhynchophanes—are recognised. Genetic analysis with cytochrome b DNA showed that McCown's Longspur was most closely related to the two snow bunting species, and the three nested within the genus Calcarius. Smith's and the Chestnut-collared Longspur were each other's closest relatives (sister taxa).[5] The Lapland Longspur likely diverged from an ornatus/pictus ancestor near the beginning of the Pliocene (4.4–6.2 million years ago) and the snow and McKay's Buntings diverged within the last 100,000–125,000 years. Though they differ in appearance, Smith's and the Collared Longspurs likely only diverged around 1.5–2 million years ago, around the start of the Pleistocene.[5]

McKay's Bunting is sometimes considered a subspecies of the Snow Bunting, and instances of the two species hybridizing have been reported.[6] However, a 2007 study by Maley and Winker found substantial differences in the juvenile plumage between the two groups, supporting a species-level division.[7] Other members of Calcariidae known to hybridize with each other are McCown's Longspur and the Chestnut-collared Longspur.[8]

Lapland Bunting (Calcarius lapponicus)
Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus)
Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus)
Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)
McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus)
McCown's Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii)

Distribution and habitat

Snow Bunting

A Snow Bunting in Alaska. This species breeds mainly in the Arctic tundra and winters in northern temperate areas.

The range of the family is extensive. Of the six species within the family, the Snow Bunting and Lapland Longspur are found both in both North America and Eurasia; the other four species are found only in North America.[3] The Snow Bunting breeds in northern latitudes in an extensive breeding range which consists of northern Alaska and Canada, the western and southern coasts of Greenland, and northern Scandinavia and Russia. The Snow Bunting winters throughout southern Canada and the northern United States in North America, and its Eurasian range includes the northern United Kingdom and a large band extending from Germany west through Poland and Ukraine to Mongolia and China.[9][10] Additionally, the Snow Bunting has been recorded as a vagrant to Algeria and Morocco in North Africa, the Balkans, Greece and Turkey, and Malta.[9] The Lapland Longspur's range is similar to that of the Snow Bunting, breeding in northern Canada, Scandinavia, and Siberia, and coastal Alaska and Greenland and wintering in the northern United States and Canada, and in a band between approximately 45° and 55° latitude across Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia to the Sea of Japan.[11]

The ranges of the other species in the family are less expansive than those of the Snow Bunting and the Lapland Longspur. McKay’s Bunting breeds solely on several islands in the Bering Sea, and winters primarily on the western coast of Alaska. Additionally, it has been reported occasionally in the Aleutian Islands, and has been a vagrant in British Columbia in Canada as well as Washington (state) and Oregon in the United States.[2][12] Smith's Longspur breeds in Alaska and northern Canada, and winters in the central southern United States.[13] The Chestnut-collared Longspur's breeding range consists solely of prairie regions in the northern Great Plains and southern Canadian Prairies, while its winter range extends from the southern United States to central Mexico.[1] The breeding range of McCown’s Longspur is similar to that of the Chestnut-collared Longspur, but its winter range does not extend as far south, ending in northern Mexico.[14]

Members of Calcariidae generally inhabit open areas, including prairies, plains, shores, farmland, and beaches.[15] Parts of the Snow Bunting's range include mountainous areas.[16]

Behavior

The diet of species in this family consists of insects, seeds, and grasses. Species are diurnal, and forage by walking and picking up food from the ground.[1][11]

References

  1. ^ a b c Hill, Dorothy P.; Gould, Lorne K. "Chestnut-collared Longspur". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
  2. ^ a b Montgomery, Robert; Lyon, Bruce. "McKay's Bunting". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
  3. ^ a b c Gill F, Donsker D (30 June 2013). Tanagers, Cardinals and allies. IOC World Bird List: Version 3.4. International Ornithologists’ Union. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
  4. ^ a b Alström P, Olsson U, Lei F, Wang HT, Gao W, Sundberg P (2008). "Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 960–73. PMID 18411062. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007. 
  5. ^ a b c Klicka, John; Zink, Robert M.; Winke, K. (2003). "Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (2): 165–75. PMID 12565028. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00360-3. 
  6. ^ Sealy, Spencer G. (1969). "Apparent Hybridization between Snow Bunting and McKay's Bunting on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska". The Auk. 86 (2): 350–351. doi:10.2307/4083511. 
  7. ^ Maley, James M.; Winker, Kevin (2007). "Use of Juvenal Plumage in Diagnosing Species Limits: An Example Using Buntings in the Genus Plectrophenax". The Auk. 124 (3): 907–915. JSTOR 25150346. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[907:UOJPID]2.0.CO;2. 
  8. ^ MacDonald, Christie A.; Martin, Tracy; Ludkin, Rick; Hussell, David J.T.; Lamble, David; Love, Oliver P. (2012). "First Report of a Snow Bunting × Lapland Longspur Hybrid" (PDF). Arctic. 64 (3): 344–348. 
  9. ^ a b BirdLife International (2013). "Plectrophenax nivalis (Snow Bunting)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 August 2013. 
  10. ^ Montgomerie, Robert; Lyon, Bruce. "Snow Bunting". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
  11. ^ a b Hussell, David J.; Montgomerie, Robert. "Lapland Longspur". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2 August 2013. 
  12. ^ "Plectrophenax hyperboreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 August 2013. 
  13. ^ Briskie, James V. "Smith's Longspur". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 5 August 2013. 
  14. ^ With, Kimberley A. "McCown's Longspur". The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 5 August 2013. 
  15. ^ Kaufman, Kenn (2011). Kaufman Field Guide to Advanced Birding: Understanding what You See and Hear. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 433. ISBN 0547248326. 
  16. ^ Mobley, Jason A. (2008). Birds of the World. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 580–81. ISBN 0761477756. 

Further reading

  • Yuri, T. and Mindell, D. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, “New World nine-primaried oscines (Aves: Passeriformes)", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 23 (2002), pp. 229–243 .
  • Planet of Birds. Accessed 2 August 2009.


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