Florisuginae | |
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File:Florisuginae diversity.png | |
Diversity | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Superorder: | Strisores |
Order: | Apodiformes |
Family: | Trochilidae |
Subfamily: | Florisuginae Jardine, 1833 |
Topazes and jacobins, Florisuginae is a subfamily of hummingbirds in the Trochilidae family. There are four species in two tribes and genera. The topazes and jacobins represent the oldest split from all other hummingbirds.[1]
Distribution and habitat[]
They range from Mexico[2] to South America.[2][3][4][5]
Description[]
Florisugine hummingbirds are medium to large hummingbirds.
Behaviour[]
Black Jacobin is the most territorial and dominate hummingbird within its range, competing with conspecifcs and individuals of other species at food resources,[6] but has been observed feeding in mixed-species flocks of other birds.[7]
Diet[]
The White-necked Jacobin feeds upon flowers of a variety of trees, including Lisianthus axillaris (Gentianaceae), Pseudobombax septenatum (Bombaceae)[8]
The Black Jacobin feeds upon Mabea[9], Hibiscus, Eugenia, Eucalyptus, Erythrina, Calliandra, Dombeya, Schwartzia[10] and Pavonia[11], as well as some bromeliads, including those of the genus Vriesea[12] and Aechmea.[13] It has also been observed feeding on the pink flowers of Dombeya wallichii (Sterculiaceae), but also visits Tabebuia spp. (Bignoniaceae) in urban situations in this region at this season.[14] Feeds on insects in the air, or gleans from leaves and spider webs.
Species in taxonomic order[]
Species of Topazini | ||||
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Subspecies | Author | Image | Geographic location | |
Crimson Topaz, Topaza pella | Topaza pella pella | Linnaeus, 1758 | E Venezuela (E Bolívar) and the Guianas to N & W Brazil (Roraima, NW Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia).[3] | |
Topaza pella smaragdulus | Bosc, 1792 | Presumably French Guiana, and N Brazil (Amapá, and C Pará from R Tapajós E to R Xingu).[3] | ||
Topaza pella microrhyncha | A. L. Butler, 1926 | NE Pará (I de Marajó and area E of R Tocantins), in N Brazil.[3] | ||
Fiery Topaz, Topaza pyra | Topaza pyra pyra | (Gould, 1846) | S Venezuela (Amazonas), SE Colombia and NW Brazil.[4] | |
Topaza pyra amaruni | Hu et al., 2000 | E Ecuador and NE Peru (Loreto, Ucayali).[4] | ||
Species of Florisugini | ||||
Subspecies | Author | Image | Geographic location | |
White-necked Jacobin, Florisuga mellivora | Florisuga mellivora mellivora | (Linnaeus, 1758) | S Mexico (from S Veracruz and N Oaxaca) to Panama and Colombia, S to W Ecuador, SE Peru and N Bolivia, and E to Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and Amazonian Brazil.[2] | |
Florisuga mellivora flabellifera | (Gould, 1846) | Tobago.[2] | ||
Black Jacobin, Florisuga fusca | Monotypic | Vieillot, 1817 | E Brazil (mainly from Bahia S to Rio Grande do Sul) to SE Paraguay, NE Argentina and Uruguay.[5] |
References[]
- ^ Fogden, Michael; Taylor, Marianne; Williamson, Sheri L. and the forward by Dunne, Pete (2014). Hummingbirds: A Life-sized Guide to Every Species. Harper Design (An imprint of HarperCollins). ISBN 9780062280640.
- ^ a b c d Stiles, F.G., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P. (2014). White-necked Jacobin (Florisuga mellivora). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/55396 on 6 April 2015).
- ^ a b c d Schuchmann, K.L., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P. (2015). Crimson Topaz (Topaza pella). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2015). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/55410 on 6 April 2015).
- ^ a b c del Hoyo, J., Collar, N., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P. (2015). Fiery Topaz (Topaza pyra). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2015). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/467193 on 6 April 2015).
- ^ a b Schuchmann, K.L., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P. (2013). Black Jacobin (Florisuga fusca). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2013). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/55397 on 6 April 2015).
- ^ Antunes, A.Z. (2003) Partilha de néctar de Eucalyptus spp., territorialidade e hierarquia de dominância em beija-flores (Aves: Trochilidae) no sudeste do Brasil. Ararajuba 11(1): 39–44.
- ^ Aleixo, A. (1997) Composition of mixed-species bird flocks and abundance of flocking species in a semideciduous forest of southeastern Brazil. Ararajuba 5(1): 11–18.
- ^ Atwood, J.L., Fitz, V.L. & Bannesberger, J.E. (1991) Temporal patterns of singing activity at leks of the White-bellied Emerald. Wilson Bull. 103(3): 373-386.
- ^ Olmos, F. & Boulhosa, R.L.P. (2000) A meeting of opportunists: birds and other visitors to Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) inflorescences. Ararajuba 8(2): 93-98.
- ^ Rocca, M.A. & Sazima, M. (2008) Ornithophilous canopy species in the Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil. J. Field Orn. 79(2): 130-137.
- ^ Vasconcelos, M.F. & Lombardi, J.A. (1999) Padrão sazonal na ocorrência de seis espécies de beija-flores (Apodiformes: Trochilidae) em uma localidade de campo rupestre na Serra do Curral, Minas Gerais. Ararajuba 7(2): 71–79.
- ^ Favretto, M.A., Hoeltgebaum, M.P., Lingnau, R. & D’Agostini, F.M. (2010) Beija-flores visitantes de bromélias no Parque Natural Municipal Rio do Peixe, Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas 158: 11–13.
- ^ Moura, A.S. & Soares Júnior, F.J. (2010) Ornitofilia (polinização por aves) em Aechmea maculata L.B. Smith (Bromeliaceae), registrada em um pequeno fragmento florestal no município de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas 158: 57–60.
- ^ Costa, R.G.A. & Costa, R.C.V. (2003) Expansão da distribução geográfica do beija-flor-preto-de-rabo-branco, Melanotrochilus fuscus no Rio Grande do Sul. Atualidades Ornitológicas 116: 3.
This article is part of Project Bird Subfamilies, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird subfamily, including made-up families. |
This article is part of Project Bird Taxonomy, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds. |
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