Rhynchosaur

Rhynchosaurs Temporal range: Anisian–Carnian PreЄ Є Є O O S S D D C C P P T T J J K K Pg Pg N N
File:Hyperodapedon BW2.jpg
life restoration of Hyperodapedon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Infraclass:	Archosauromorpha
Order:	†Rhynchosauria Osborn, 1903

Rhynchosaurs were a group of Triassic diapsid reptiles related to the archosaurs.

Description

File:Hyperodapedon huxleyi maxilla.jpg

Illustration of the ventral surface of a tooth plate of Hyperodapedon.

Rhynchosaurs were herbivores, and at times abundant (in some fossil localities accounting for 40 to 60% of specimens found), with stocky bodies and a powerful beak. Early primitive forms like Mesosuchus and Howesia were generally small and more typically lizard-like in build, and had skulls rather similar to the early diapsid Youngina, except for the beak and a few other features. In later and more advanced genera grew to medium to medium large size, up to two meters in length. The skull in these forms were short, broad, and triangular, becoming much wider than long in the most advanced forms like Hyperodapedon (= Scaphonyx), with a deep cheek region, and the premaxilla extending outwards and downwards to form the upper beak. The broad skull would have accommodated powerful jaw muscles. The lower jaw was also deep, and when the mouth was closed it clamped firmly into the maxilla (upper jaw), like the blade of a penknife closing into its handle. This scissors-like action would have enabled rhynchosaurs to cut up tough plant material.

The teeth were unusual, those in the maxilla and palate modified into broad tooth plates. The hind feet were equipped with massive claws, presumably for digging up roots and tubers by backwards scratching of the hind limbs.

Like many animals of this time they had a worldwide distribution, being found across Pangea. These abundant animals died out suddenly at the end of the Carnian (Middle of the Late Triassic period), perhaps as a result of the extinction of the Dicroidium flora on which they may have fed.

Classification

Taxonomy

Genera
Genus	Species	Age	Location	Unit	Notes	Images
Ammorhynchus	A. navajoi	Anisian	USA (Arizona)	Moenkopi Formation		File:Paradapedon 1DB.jpg Hyperodapedon huxleyi (=Paradapedon) File:Mesosuchus BW.jpg Mesosuchus browni File:Rhynchosaurus articeps.jpg Skull of Rhynchosaurus articeps
Bentonyx	B. sidensis	Anisian	Template:Country data England	Otter Sandstone Formation
Fodonyx	F. spenceri	Anisian	Template:Country data England	Otter Sandstone Formation
Howesia	H. browni	late Olenekian - Anisian	Template:Country data South Africa	Burgersdorp Formation
Hyperodapedon	H. gordoni	Carnian	Template:Country data Scotland	Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation	Five valid species are known, the most of any rhynchosaur.
	H. huenei	Carnian	Template:Country data Brazil	Santa Maria Formation
	H. huxleyi	Carnian	Template:Country data India	Lower Maleri Formation
	H. mariensis	Carnian	Template:Country data Brazil Template:Country data Argentina	Santa Maria Formation Ischigualasto Formation
	H. sanjuanensis	Carnian	Template:Country data Argentina Template:Country data Brazil	Ischigualasto Formation Santa Maria Formation
Isalorhynchus	I. genovefae	Carnian	Template:Country data Madagascar	Makay Formation (Isalo II)
Mesodapedon	M. kuttyi	Anisian	Template:Country data India	Yerrapalli Formation
Mesosuchus	M. browni	Anisian	Template:Country data South Africa	Burgersdorp Formation
Otischalkia	O. elderae	late Carnian	USA (Texas)	Dockum Group
Rhynchosaurus	R. articeps	Anisian - Ladinian	Template:Country data England	Tarporley Siltstone Formation
	R. brodiei	Anisian - Ladinian	Template:Country data England	Bromsgrove Sandstone Formation
Stenaulorhynchus	S. stockleyi	Anisian	Template:Country data Tanzania	Manda Formation
Supradapedon	S. stockleyi	Middle - Late Triassic	Template:Country data Tanzania	Tunduru district
Teyumbaita	T. sulcognathus	early Norian	Template:Country data Brazil	Caturrita Formation	T. sulcognathus is the only Norian rhynchosaur.

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on Langer et al. (2000):

Hyperodapedontinae	"Scaphonyx" sulcognathus Hyperodapedon H. huenei H. mariensis H. sanjuanensis H. gordoni H. huxleyi

Cladogram based on Hone and Benton (2008):

Rhynchosauria	Mesosuchus Howesia Rhynchosauridae Stenaulorhynchus Rhynchosaurus R. articeps R. brodiei Fodonyx Ammorhynchus Hyperodapedontinae Mariante rhynchosaur Teyumbaita Hyperodapedon

Cladogram based on Langer et al. (2010):

Rhynchosauria	Mesosuchus Howesia Rhynchosauridae Rhynchosaurus Hyperodapedontidae Mariante rhynchosaur Stenaulorhynchus Bentonyx Fodonyx Hyperodapedontinae Isalorhynchus Teyumbaita Hyperodapedon

See also

• Paleorrota

External links

• Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul.

References

• Benton, M. J. (2000), Vertebrate Paleontology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
• Carroll, R. L. (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, W.H. Freeman & Co.
• Dilkes, D. W. 1998. The Early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 353:501-541.

Template:Project Rhynchosauria Taxonomy