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The '''Sapayoa''' or '''Broad-billed Sapayoa''', '''''Sapayoa aenigma''''', is a [[suboscine]] [[passerine]] found in lowland [[rainforest]]s in [[Panama]] and northwest [[South America]]. As the epithet ''aenigma'' ("the [[wiktionary:enigma|enigma]]") implies, its relationships have long been elusive. It is easy to overlook, but appears to be common in a wide range and is not considered threatened by the [[IUCN]]<ref>BLI (2004)</ref>.
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The '''Sapayoa''' or '''Broad-billed Sapayoa''', '''''Sapayoa aenigma''''', is a [[suboscine]] [[passerine]] found in lowland [[rainforest]]s in [[Panama]] and northwest [[South America]].
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|english=Broad-billed Sapayoa
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==Other names==
  
   
 
==Description==
  
==Description==
 
The Sapayoa is a small, olive-colored bird, somewhat paler below and with a yellowish throat. Its [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]] resembles a bigger, longer-tailed, broader-billed female [[manakin]]. It is rare to uncommon in the [[forest]] understory, favoring ravines and small streams<ref name = r+t1994>Ridgely & Tudor (1994): p.689, plate 46.</ref>. It is usually seen in pairs or [[mixed-species feeding flock|mixed-species flocks]]. It spends long periods perching, then sallies up to pick fruit or catch insects, on foliage or in mid air, with its flat, wide bill in a way reminiscent of [[flatbill]]s<ref name = r+t1994 />. Other aspects of its biology as late as 2003 were still unknown<ref>Kemp & Sherley (2003)</ref>.
  
The Sapayoa is a small, olive-colored bird, somewhat paler below and with a yellowish throat. Its [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]] resembles a bigger, longer-tailed, broader-billed female [[manakin]]. It is rare to uncommon in the [[forest]] understory, favoring ravines and small streams<ref name = r+t1994>Ridgely & Tudor (1994): p.689, plate 46.</ref>. It is usually seen in pairs or [[mixed-species feeding flock|mixed-species flocks]]. It spends long periods perching, then sallies up to pick fruit or catch insects, on foliage or in mid air, with its flat, wide bill in a way reminiscent of [[flatbill]]s<ref name = r+t1994 />. Other aspects of its biology as late as 2003 were still unknown<ref>Kemp & Sherley (2003)</ref>.
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===Similar species===
   
 
==Taxonomy==
  
==Taxonomy==
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It has always been considered a [[monotypic]] genus '''''Sapayoa''''' and historically regarded as a New World [[suboscine]]; in particular, it was assigned to the manakin family ([[Pipridae]]). However, the [[species]] was listed as ''[[incertae sedis]]'' (position uncertain) in the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]], because
  
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<blockquote>"preliminary DNA-DNA hybridization comparisons [...] indicate that this species is either a relative of the Old World [[Eurylaimidae]] or a sister group of all other [[Tyrannida]], as suggested by earlier biochemical studies [...] In any event, it is not a close relative of manakins or any other recent tyrannoid.<ref>Sibley & Ahlquist (1990)</ref>"</blockquote>
  
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More recent research suggests that it is not a New World suboscine at all, but an Old World suboscine. In 2004, it was shown that the Sapayoa is an outlier to the New World suboscines<ref>Chesser (2004)</ref>. In an earlier analysis based on [[nDNA]] [[myoglobin]] [[intron]] 2 and [[GAPDH]] intron 11 [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data, the authors found the Sapayoa
 
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<blockquote>"as a deep branch in the group of [[broadbill]]s and [[pitta]]s of the Old World tropics<ref name = fjeldsaetal2003>Fjeldså ''et al.'' (2003)</ref>."</blockquote>
  
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Accordingly, the Sapayoa would be the last surviving New World species of a lineage that evolved in [[Australia-New Guinea]] when [[Gondwana]] was in the process of splitting apart. The Sapayoa's ancestors are hypothesized to have reached [[South America]] via the [[Western Antarctica]] Peninsula.
 
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Nowadays, the Sapoyoa is sometimes placed in the family [[Eurylaimidae]] with the broadbills.<ref>E.g. Banks ''et al.'' (2008), Remsen ''et al.'' (2009)</ref> Others tentatively place the Sapayoa in the [[asity]] family Philepittidae<ref>Kemp & Sherley (2003), though it is not clear whether it was Kemp and Sherley or Perrins who decided to include the Broad-billed Sapayoa in the Philepittidae.</ref> otherwise found only in [[Madagascar]] and sometimes included in the broadbill family.
  
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However, the divergence between the broadbills and the Sapayoa found in the 2003 study is only slightly less deep than that between the Sapayoa and the pittas<ref name = fjeldsaetal2003 />. It is even possible though unlikely that the present species is actually closer to the pittas than to the broadbills. Consequently, it is suggested to place the Sapayoa in its own [[monotypic]] [[family]] '''Sapayoidae'''<ref>E.g. Irestedt ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>, as is done here.
  
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===Similar species===
  
   
 
==Behaviour==
  
==Behaviour==

Latest revision as of 18:41, 1 July 2016

Sapayoa
Sapayoa2
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Inopinaves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Tyranni
Infraorder: Eurylaimides
Family: Sapayoidae
Irestedt et al., 2006
Genus: Sapayoa
Hartert, 1903
Species: S. aenigma
Binomial name
Sapayoa aenigma
Hartert, 1903

The Sapayoa or Broad-billed Sapayoa, Sapayoa aenigma, is a suboscine passerine found in lowland rainforests in Panama and northwest South America.

Click for other names
Other common names Broad-billed Sapayoa

Description

The Sapayoa is a small, olive-colored bird, somewhat paler below and with a yellowish throat. Its habitus resembles a bigger, longer-tailed, broader-billed female manakin. It is rare to uncommon in the forest understory, favoring ravines and small streams[1]. It is usually seen in pairs or mixed-species flocks. It spends long periods perching, then sallies up to pick fruit or catch insects, on foliage or in mid air, with its flat, wide bill in a way reminiscent of flatbills[1]. Other aspects of its biology as late as 2003 were still unknown[2].

Similar species

Taxonomy

Behaviour

Diet

Calls

Reproduction

Distribution/habitat

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Ridgely & Tudor (1994): p.689, plate 46.
  2. ^ Kemp & Sherley (2003)

References

  • BirdLife International (BLI) (2004). Sapayoa aenigma. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
  • Banks, Richard C.; Chesser, R. Terry; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. & Winker, Kevin (2008): Forty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 125(3): 758–768. doi:10.1525.auk/2008.9708 PDF fulltext
  • Chesser, R. Terry (2004): Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32(1): 11-24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015 PDF fulltext
  • Fjeldså, Jon; Zuccon, Dario; Irestedt, Martin; Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003): Sapayoa aenigma: a New World representative of 'Old World suboscines'. Proc. R. Soc. B 270(Supplement 2): 238-241. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0075 PDF fulltext Electronic supplement
  • Irestedt, M.; Ohlson, J.I.; Zuccon, Dario; Källersjö, M. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2006): Nuclear DNA from old collections of avian study skins reveals the evolutionary history of the Old World suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes). Zool. Scripta 35(6): 567-580. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00249.x PDF fulltext
  • Kemp, Alan & Sherley, Greg H. (2003): Asities. In: Perrins, Christopher (ed.): Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds: 421. Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-777-3
  • Remsen, J. V., Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F. Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S., Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; & Zimmer, K. J. Version [2009-04-02]. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. HTML full text
  • Ridgely, Robert S. & Tudor, Guy (1994): The Birds of South America (Volume 2: The suboscine passerines). University of Texas Press, Austin. ISBN 0-292-77063-4
  • Sibley, Charles Gald & Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990): Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 0-300-04969-2

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