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Shrike

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Shrikes
File:Adult Long-tailed fiscal.jpg
A pair of Long-tailed Fiscals
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Laniidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Genera

Shrikes are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of thirty-one species in three genera. The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes were also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. Note that the Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes.

Distribution, migration and habitat[]

Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the Loggerhead and Great Grey shrikes). There are no members of this family in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species like the Great Grey Shrike ranging across the northern hemisphere to the Newton's Fiscal which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.[1]

They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrike are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.

Description[]

Shrikes are medium-sized birds, up to 50 centimetres (20 in) in length, with grey, brown, or black and white plumage. Their beaks are hooked, like that of a bird of prey, reflecting their predatory nature, and their calls are strident.

Behaviour[]

File:Butchbirdprey.jpg

A bee presumably caught and impaled by a shrike.

Shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling their bodies on thorns. This helps them to tear the flesh into smaller, more conveniently-sized fragments, and serves as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.[2] This same behavior of impaling insects serves as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper (Romalea guttata). The bird waits for 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade, and then can eat it.[3]

Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.[1] Where several species of shrike exist together competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used in order to watch for prey items and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Breeding[]

The shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.[1] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship the male will perform a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns and will feed the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.[2]

Species in taxonomic order[]

File:Shrike prey lizard.jpg

Lizard impaled on thorns by Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis, Lanzarote

FAMILY: LANIIDAE

Birds with similar names[]

Other species, popularly called "shrikes," are in the families:

The Prionopidae and Malaconotidae are quite closely related to the Laniidae, and were formerly included in the shrike family. The cuckoo-shrikes are not closely related to the true shrikes.

The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes, although they occupy a similar ecological niche.

Use in literature[]

A central figure in Dan Simmons' Hyperion universe is known as The Shrike. This character is reported to impale human victims on a tree of thorns.

A shrike known as the 'Butcher Bird' kills the fieldmice newborn babies in the Animals of Farthing Wood.

Stalker Shrike is a central character in the Mortal Engines series by Philip Reeve. The prequel novel Fever Crumb reveals that all members of his unit are similarly named after birds. North American editions change his name to Grike.

References[]

  1. ^ a b c Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3. 
  2. ^ a b Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  3. ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5583vl684731130/
  • Harris, Tony; Franklin, Kim (illustrator) (2000). Shrikes and Bush-shrikes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07036-9.  Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthor= (help)
  • Lefranc, Norbert (1997). Shrikes: A Guide to the Shrikes of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300073364. 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laniidae

External links[]


This article is part of Project Bird Families, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family, including made-up families.
This article is part of Project Bird Taxonomy, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds.
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