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{{automatic taxobox
  
{{automatic taxobox
⚫
|name=Strisores
  
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|color={{Taxobox_colour|[[Animalia]]}}
  
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| taxon = Strisores
  
 
| fossil_range = <br>[[Paleocene]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|60|0}}
  
| fossil_range = <br>[[Paleocene]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|60|0}}
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| image = Common Nighthawk.png
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| image = Strisores diversity.png
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_width = 230px
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| image_caption = [[Common Nighthawk]], ''Chordeiles minor''<br/>([[Caprimulgidae]])
  
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| image2 = Hummingbird hovering in flight.png
  
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| image2_width = 240px
  
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| image2_caption = Male [[Rufous Hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus rufus''<br/>([[Trochilidae]])
  
 
| authority = Baird, 1858
  
| authority = Baird, 1858
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Order]]s
  
| subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Order]]s
  +
| subdivision = {{linked taxon list
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| display_children = 1
  
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| Caprimulgiformes |
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| synonyms = Cypselomorphae <small>[[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], 1867</small>
  
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| Steatornithiformes |
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| Nyctibiiformes |
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| Podargiformes |
  +
| Apodiformes |
  +
}}
 
}}
  
}}
   
−
'''Strisores''' is a [[clade]] of [[bird]]s. It includes the living [[family (biology)|families]] and [[order (biology)|orders]] [[Caprimulgiformes]] (nightjars, nighthawks and allies), [[Nyctibiiformes]] (potoos), [[Podargiformes]] (frogmouths), [[Steatornithiformes]] (oilbird), [[Apodiformes]] (swifts and hummingbirds). The Apodiformes (which include the "[[Trochiliformes]]" of the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]) and the Aegotheliformes form the '''Daedalornithes'''.<ref>Sangster, G. (2005) A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves). Zootaxa: 799:1-6.</ref>
 +
'''Strisores''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|aɪ|s|ər|z}} {{respell|STRY|sorz}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|aɪ|z|ər|z}} {{respell|STRY|zorz}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|iː|s|ər|s}} {{respell|STREE|sorz}}) is a [[clade]] of [[bird]]s. It includes the living [[family (biology)|families]] and [[order (biology)|orders]] [[Caprimulgidae]] (nightjars, nighthawks and allies), [[Nyctibiidae]] (potoos), [[Apodiformes]] (swifts and hummingbirds), as well as the [[Aegotheliformes]] (owlet-nightjars) whose distinctness was only recently realized. The Apodiformes (which include the "[[Trochiliformes]]" of the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]]) and the Aegotheliformes form the '''Daedalornithes'''.<ref>Sangster, G. (2005) A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves). Zootaxa: 799:1-6.</ref>
   
 
==Systematics==
  
==Systematics==
−
The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient Cypselomorphae are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly [[apomorph]]ic feet, and no [[Cretaceous]] fossils are known. [[Torpor]] and other [[metabolic]] peculiarities are very frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The [[synapomorph]]ies that define this clade are the ''[[ossa maxillaria]]'' separated by a large cleft, a [[mandible (birds)|mandible]] with very short ''pars symphysialis'', and ''[[rami mandibulae]]'' very slender in their [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] half.
 +
The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient Strisores are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly [[apomorph]]ic feet, and no [[Cretaceous]] fossils are known. [[Torpor]] and other [[metabolic]] peculiarities are very frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The [[synapomorph]]ies that define this clade are the ''[[ossa maxillaria]]'' separated by a large cleft, a [[mandible (birds)|mandible]] with very short ''pars symphysialis'', and ''[[rami mandibulae]]'' very slender in their [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] half.
   
 
===Evolution===
  
===Evolution===
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The relationships of the Early Eocene ''[[Parvicuculus]]'' and ''[[Procuculus]]'' from the southern [[North Sea]] basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to cypselomorphs.
  
The relationships of the Early Eocene ''[[Parvicuculus]]'' and ''[[Procuculus]]'' from the southern [[North Sea]] basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to cypselomorphs.
   
−
The fossil evidence is quite consistent in this group. Over some 20 million years, throughout the [[Eocene]], the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid-Oligocene, some 30 million years ago, the [[crown group|crown]] lineages are present and adapting to their present-day [[ecological niche]]s.
 +
The fossil evidence is quite consistent in this group. Over some 20 million years, throughout the [[Eocene]], the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid-[[Oligocene]], some 30 million years ago, the [[crown group|crown]] lineages are present and adapting to their present-day [[ecological niche]]s.
   
 
By the distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in [[Asia]], which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the [[Himalayas]] lifted up and the [[Turgai Strait]] started to disappear.
  
By the distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in [[Asia]], which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the [[Himalayas]] lifted up and the [[Turgai Strait]] started to disappear.
   
 
Several fossil [[taxa]] are tentatively placed here as [[basal (evolution)|basal]] or ''[[incertae sedis]]''
  
Several fossil [[taxa]] are tentatively placed here as [[basal (evolution)|basal]] or ''[[incertae sedis]]''
−
* ''[[Eocypselus]]'' (Late Paleocene or Early Eocene)<!-- Auk120:145 BullGeolSocDK51:47 -->
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* ''[[Eocypselus]]'' (Late [[Paleocene]] or Early Eocene)<!-- Auk120:145 BullGeolSocDK51:47 -->
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* ''[[Paraprefica]]'' (Early Eocene?)<!-- BullBOC125:299 -->
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* ''[[Paraprefica]]'' (Early [[Eocene]]?)<!-- BullBOC125:299 -->
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* [[Archaeotrogonidae]] (Early Eocene of England ?- Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France)
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* [[Archaeotrogonidae]] (Early Eocene of England ?- Late Eocene/Early [[Oligocene]] of France)
 
* ''[[Hassiavis]]'' (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - Archaeotrogonidae?
  
* ''[[Hassiavis]]'' (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - Archaeotrogonidae?
 
* ''[[Protocypselomorphus]]'' (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)<!-- *Condor107:342 -->
  
* ''[[Protocypselomorphus]]'' (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)<!-- *Condor107:342 -->
  +
  +
=== Cladistics ===
  +
The related Familia are: [[Aegothelidae]], [[Caprimulgidae]], [[Nyctibiidae]], [[Podargidae]], and [[Steatornithidae]].
  +
{{Clade |style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;
  ⚫
|label1='''Strisores'''
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|1={{Clade
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|label1=[[Caprimulgiformes]]
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|1=[[Caprimulgidae]] (Nightjars)
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|2={{Clade
  +
|1={{Clade
  +
|1=[[Steatornithidae]] ([[oilbird]])
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|2=[[Nyctibiidae]] ([[potoos]])
  +
}}
  +
|2={{Clade
  +
|label1=[[Podargiformes]]
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|1=[[Podargidae]] (frogmouths)
  +
|label2=Daedalornithes
  +
|2={{Clade
  +
|label1=[[Aegotheliformes]]
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|1=[[Aegothelidae]] (owlet-nightjars)
  +
|label2=[[Apodiformes]]
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|2={{Clade
  +
|1={{Clade
  +
|1=[[Hemiprocnidae]] (treeswifts)
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|2=[[Apodidae]] (swifts)
  +
}}
  +
|2=[[Trochilidae]] (hummingbirds)
  +
}}
  +
}}
  +
}}
  +
}}
  +
}}
  +
}}
  +
  +
[[Cladogram]] based on Prum, R.O. ''et al''. (2015)<ref name=Prum2015>Prum, R.O. ''et al''. (2015) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7574/full/nature15697.html A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing]. Nature 526, 569–573.</ref>
   
 
==References==
  
==References==
 
{{Reflist}}
  
{{Reflist}}
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⚫
[[Category:Strisores| ]]
  
   
 
{{Project Bird Taxonomy}}
  
{{Project Bird Taxonomy}}
 
{{Wiki|{{PN}}}}
  
{{Wiki|{{PN}}}}
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[[Category:Neognathae| ]]
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[[Category:Strisores| ]]
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[[Category:Selandian first appearances]]
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[[Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances]]

Latest revision as of 10:07, 16 March 2018

Strisores
Temporal range:
Paleocene - Holocene, 60–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
Є
O
O
S
S
D
D
C
C
P
P
T
T
J
J
Pg
Pg
N
N
File:Strisores diversity.png
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Superorder: Neoaves
Superorder: Strisores
Baird, 1858
Orders

Strisores ( /ˈstraɪsərz/ STRY-sorz; /ˈstraɪzərz/ STRY-zorz; /ˈstriːsərs/ STREE-sorz) is a clade of birds. It includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars, nighthawks and allies), Nyctibiidae (potoos), Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds), as well as the Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars) whose distinctness was only recently realized. The Apodiformes (which include the "Trochiliformes" of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) and the Aegotheliformes form the Daedalornithes.[1]

Systematics

The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient Strisores are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly apomorphic feet, and no Cretaceous fossils are known. Torpor and other metabolic peculiarities are very frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The synapomorphies that define this clade are the ossa maxillaria separated by a large cleft, a mandible with very short pars symphysialis, and rami mandibulae very slender in their distal half.

Evolution

File:Hassiavis laticauda 1.jpg

Hassiavis laticauda fossil from the Messel fossil site

The relationships of the Early Eocene Parvicuculus and Procuculus from the southern North Sea basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to cypselomorphs.

The fossil evidence is quite consistent in this group. Over some 20 million years, throughout the Eocene, the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid-Oligocene, some 30 million years ago, the crown lineages are present and adapting to their present-day ecological niches.

By the distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in Asia, which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the Himalayas lifted up and the Turgai Strait started to disappear.

Several fossil taxa are tentatively placed here as basal or incertae sedis

  • Eocypselus (Late Paleocene or Early Eocene)
  • Paraprefica (Early Eocene?)
  • Archaeotrogonidae (Early Eocene of England ?- Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of France)
  • Hassiavis (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - Archaeotrogonidae?
  • Protocypselomorphus (Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)

Cladistics

The related Familia are: Aegothelidae, Caprimulgidae, Nyctibiidae, Podargidae, and Steatornithidae.

Strisores
Caprimulgiformes

Caprimulgidae (Nightjars)





Steatornithidae (oilbird)



Nyctibiidae (potoos)




Podargiformes

Podargidae (frogmouths)


Daedalornithes
Aegotheliformes

Aegothelidae (owlet-nightjars)


Apodiformes


Hemiprocnidae (treeswifts)



Apodidae (swifts)




Trochilidae (hummingbirds)







Cladogram based on Prum, R.O. et al. (2015)[2]

References

  1. ^ Sangster, G. (2005) A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves). Zootaxa: 799:1-6.
  2. ^ Prum, R.O. et al. (2015) A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526, 569–573.
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