| Thraupid group[1] | |
|---|---|
| |
| A Scarlet Tanager and Rose-breasted Grosbeak, both members of this group and Cardinalidae. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Inopinaves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Suborder: | Passeri |
| Clade: | Nine-primaried oscines |
| Epifamily: | Icteroidae |
| Clade: | Thraupid group Informal |
| Synonyms | |
|
Fringillidae (sensu Sibley and Ahlquist) | |
Thraupid group is an informal grouping of Mitrospingidae, Cardinalidae and Thraupidae.[1] It is used to show the relationships between other nine-primaried oscines.
Distribution[]
The thraupid group is mainly found in the Americas, from Canada to Argentina. Tanagers reach their greatest diversity in the New World tropics.[2]
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Blue Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Lazuli Bunting, Scarlet Tanager and Summer Tanager are all vagrants to the Palearctic.[3]
Species found in South America are nonmigrant.[4]
Anatomy[]
They range from small, such as the Bananaquit[5] and conebills[2], which are 4 in (10 cm), and the Painted and Indigo Buntings, which are 5 in (13 cm)[5]; to medium, such as cardinals, which are up to 9 in (23 cm)[6] as well as the Black-headed Saltator, which is 10 in (25 cm)[5] and the Magpie Tanager, which is 11 in (28 cm).[2]
Many species are colourful, such as the Tangara tanagers, they have diverse colour patterns.[2] They are mainly yellow, red, green and blue, with a few with metallic colours.[4]
Many species of tanager have stout bills, similar to finches.[5] Honeycreepers, however; have thin and decurved bills[5][4], while the flowerpiercers bills are slightly upturned with a hooked tip.[4] Grosbeaks have thick bills and powerful jaw muscles, used to crack open heavy seeds.[4] The Giant Conebill resembles a nuthatch, while most species of tanagers have a finchlike body shape, with a medium-sized tail.[4]
In most species of tanagers, there is no sexual dimorphism.[4] In cardinals, the males are more colourful than females during the breeding season.[4]
Behaviour and diet[]
The males of most species of
Tanagers generally eat fruit, but most species also eat insects and spiders.[5]
Taxonomy[]
Euphonias and chlorophonias were once classified as tanagers. Many books may classify them as tanagers still.[4] According to Groth, (1998)[7]; Klicka et al., (2000)[8]; Yuri and Mindell, (2002)[9]; Zuccon et al., (2012)[10], they are embedded in Fringillidae.
For some decades, taxonomists have placed the Darwin's finches in the family Emberizidae along with the New World sparrows and Old World buntings (Sulloway 1982).[11] However, the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy puts Darwin's finches with the tanagers (Monroe and Sibley 1993)[12], and at least one recent work follows that example (Burns and Skutch 2003).[13] The American Ornithologists' Union, in its North American check-list, places the Cocos Finch in the Emberizidae but with an asterisk indicating that the placement is probably wrong (AOU 1998–2006)[14]; in its tentative South American check-list, the Galápagos species are incertae sedis, of uncertain place (Remsen et al. 2007).[15]
Families[]
References[]
- ^ a b John H. Boyd III (November 17, 2011). "CORE PASSEROIDEA V: Cardinalidae and Thraupidae". TiF Checklist. Retrieved 25-01-2025. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ^ a b c d Hilty, Steven L.; Brown, William L.; Tudor, Guy (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 069108372X.
- ^ Arlott, Norman (2007). A Field Guide to the Birds of the Palearctic: Passerines. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 9780007147052.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Frances, Peter; et al. (2007). Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley Inc. ISBN 1564582957.
- ^ a b c d e f Garrigues, Richard and Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Zona Tropical Publication. ISBN 9780801473739.
- ^ Peterson, Roger Tory (1961). A Field Guide to Western Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 039513692X.
- ^ Groth, J.G. (1998), Molecular phylogenetics of Finches and Sparrows: Consequences of character state removal in Cytochrome b sequences, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 10, 377-390.
- ^ Klicka, J., K.P. Johnson and S.M. Lanyon (2000), New world nine-primaried oscine relationships: Constructing a mitochondrial DNA framework, Auk 117, 321-336.
- ^ Yuri, T. and D.P. Mindell (2002), Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, “New World nine-primaried oscines” (Aves: Passeriformes), Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 23, 229-243.
- ^ Zuccon, D., Prys-Jones, R., P.C. Rasmussen, and P.G.P. Ericson (2012), The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae), Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 62, 581-596.
- ^ Sulloway, Frank J. (1982), "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)", Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series 43 (2): 49–94, http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A86&viewtype=image&pageseq=1, retrieved 2008-12-08
- ^ Sibley, Charles G. (1993), A World Checklist of Birds, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07083-7, http://books.google.com/?vid=ISBN0300070837, retrieved 2013-12-06 Monroe and Sibley consider the tanagers to be a tribe (Thraupini) of a big family Fringillidae rather than a family of their own (Thraupidae).
- ^ Burns, Kevin J.; Skutch, Alexander F. (2003), "Tanagers and Tanager-Finches", in Christopher Perrins, ed., The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, Firefly Books, pp. 629–631, ISBN 1-55297-777-3, http://www.amazon.com/Firefly-Encyclopedia-Birds-Christopher-Perrins/dp/1552977773/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product/103-5704731-0011011, retrieved 2007-04-09 It is not clear whether this placement was made by Burns and Skutch or by Perrins.
- ^ Check-list of North American Birds, American Ornithologists' Union, 1998–2006, archived from the original on April 4, 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20070404023350/http://www.aou.org/checklist/index.php3, retrieved 2007-04-09
- ^ *Zimmer, J. (2007-04-05), A classification of the bird species of South America, American Ornithologists' Union, http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html, retrieved 2007-04-09
|
This article is part of Project Bird Taxonomy, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds. |