True crane

Grus
File:Grus antigone - 01.jpg
Sarus Crane, Grus antigone
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Suborder:	Grui
Family:	Gruidae
Genus:	Grus Brisson, 1760
Species
10, see text

Grus is a genus of large birds in the crane family.

Species

• Common Crane, Grus grus
• Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis
  • Lesser Sandhill Crane or Little Brown Crane, Grus (canadensis) canadensis
  • Greater Sandhill Crane, Grus (canadensis) pratensis
• Whooping Crane, Grus americana
• Sarus Crane, Grus antigone
• Brolga, Grus rubicunda
• Siberian Crane, Grus leucogeranus
• White-naped Crane, Grus vipio
• Hooded Crane, Grus monacha
• Black-necked Crane, Grus nigricollis
• Red-crowned Crane, Grus japonensis

The Cuban Flightless Crane, Grus cubensis, became extinct in the Quaternary, but probably before human settlement of Cuba.

Fossil record

The fossil record of the genus stretches back some 12 million years or so. A considerable number of prehistoric species are known, with the oldest, Grus miocaenicus (Middle Miocene of Credinţa, Romania) perhaps not a crane but a junior synonym of the swimming-flamingo Palaelodus ambiguus; ("Grus" problematica certainly is). The Late Pleistocene Mediterranean Grus primigenia was hunted by stone age humans.

• Grus afghana (Late Miocene of Molayan, Afghanistan) - doubtfully distinct from G. penteleci
• Grus sp. 1 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
• Grus sp. 2 (Late Miocene of Love Bone Bed, USA)
• Grus cf. antigone (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Grus nannodes (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene -? Edson Middle Pliocene of Sherman County, USA)
• Grus sp. (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
• Grus haydeni (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene - Pleistocene? of WC USA) - 2 species, one may be same as G. canadensis
• Grus penteleci (Late Miocene - Early Pliocene of C and SE Europe) - formerly in Pliogrus
• Grus sp. (Late Pliocene of Puebla de Valverde, Spain)
• Grus bogatshevi (Late Pleistocene of Azerbaijan) - doubtfully distinct form G. primigenia
• Grus latipes (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic) - formerly Baeopteryx
• Maltese Crane Grus melitensis (Late Pleistocene of Malta) - doubtfully distinct from G. primigenia
• Grus pagei (Late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea)
• Grus primigenia (Late Pleistocene? of SW Europe)

Several other fossil gruiforms are now considered not to belong here. "Grus" prentici is now in Paragrus, "Grus" princeps, "Grus" excelsa and "Grus" hordwellianus are placed in Palaeogrus, and "Grus" excelsa in Balearica. "Grus" marshi belongs into Aletornis

More uncertain is the position of Probalearica (variously considered Late Oligocene to Middle Pliocene but probably Late Miocene) from Golboçica (Moldavia) and maybe elsewhere. It is usually regaded a nomen dubium but might belong into Grus. "Grus" conferta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, USA) is apparently too different from the modern genus to be placed herein, but its affiliations are not well resolved.

References

• Barlow, Wacher and Disley, Birds of The Gambia ISBN 1-873403-32-1
• Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6
• Sibley, David The North American Bird Guide (Pica / Christopher Helm, 2000) ISBN 1873403984
• Cranes of the World (1983) by Paul Johnsgard

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This article is part of Project Bird Genera, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made-up genera.