Typical curassow

Crax
File:Crax albertiPCCA20051227-1981B.jpg
Blue-billed Curassow, Crax alberti
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Cracidae
Genus:	Crax Linnaeus, 1758
Species
7, see text.

Crax is a genus of curassows from tropical South America. Only the Great Curassow ranges north through Central America as far as Mexico.

The variety of male bill ornament shapes and colors is typical for this genus, as is a curly crest and a contrasting white or rufous crissum. Crax species, even distantly related one, readily hybridize, with fertile offspring theoretically possible in all possible mating combinations

Species are:

• Great Curassow, Crax rubra
• Blue-billed Curassow, Crax alberti
• Yellow-knobbed Curassow, Crax daubentoni
• Wattled Curassow, Crax globulosa
• Red-billed Curassow Crax blumenbachii
• Bare-faced Curassow, Crax fasciolata
• Black Curassow, Crax alector

This genus forms one of the two major lineages of curassows. It is distinguishable from its relatives by its obvious sexual dimorphism (only exception being the Black Curassow), which is by size only in Mitu, and minor or rare in Nothocrax and Pauxi.

Crax curassows probably originated as a distinct lineage during the Tortonian (Late Miocene), some 10-9 mya, in the western or northwestern Amazonas basin, as indicated by mt and nDNA sequence data calibrated against geological events (Pereira & Baker 2004, Pereira et al. 2002). Some 6 mya during the Messinian, the ancestral Crax split into two lineages which are separated by the Colombian Andes and the Cordillera de Mérida which were uplifted around that time, and the Orinoco which consequently assumed its present-day basin.

The northern lineage quite soon thereafter radiated into the ancestors of the Great, Blue-billed, and Yellow-knobbed Curassows, which were isolated from each other by the uplift of the northern Cordillera Occidental, and the Serrania del Perija, respectively; it is fairly certain that these lineages were well distinct by the end of the Miocene. (Pereira & Baker 2004)

The evolution of the 4 southern species was somewhat more complex. In the Messinian, about 6-5.5 mya, the ancestors of the Wattled Curassow became isolated in the western Amazonas basin. With increasing aridification of southeastern Brazil, the ancestors of the Red-billed Curassow found refuge in the mountain ranges between the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic during the mid-Zanclean, some 4.5-4 mya. The divergence between the Bare-faced and Black Curassow lineages apparently took place around the Uquian-Ensenadan boundary, some 1.5 mya. This which coincides with one or several period(s) of elevated sea levels during which the lower Amazonas basin was a brackish lagoon which offered little curassow habitat. Their present ranges are consequently still separated by the Amazonas river. (Pereira & Baker 2004)

References

• Pereira, Sérgio Luiz & Baker, Allan J. (2004): Vicariant speciation of curassows (Aves, Cracidae): a hypothesis based on mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Auk 121(3): 682-694. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0682:VSOCAC]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract HTML fulltext without images

• Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Baker, Allan J.& Wajntal, Anita (2002): Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences resolve generic relationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves). Systematic Biology 51(6): 946-958. doi:10.1080/10635150290102519 PMID 12554460 PDF fulltext

Footnotes

This article is part of Project Bird Genera, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made-up genera.